Syllabus for
BSc (Biotechnology, Forensic Science/ Honours/Honours with Research)
Academic Year  (2024)

The objective of this course is to introduce the concept of forensic science, its development and progress over time. It will also familiarize students with the organizational setting and working set up of forensic laboratories. The course aims to introduce different techniques used in forensic investigations with the principles involved. The course would apprise students with judiciary and criminal justice system.

History and Development of Forensic Science in India, Functions of forensic science. Definitions and concepts in forensic science. Need and scope of forensic science. Laws and principles of forensic science, Branches of Forensic Units (DFSS, CFSL, FSL, R-FSL, Law enforcement agencies). Frye rule, Daubert standards, Mahazaar. Qualifications of forensic scientists; Duties of forensic scientists, Pioneers in Forensic Sciences

Hierarchical set up of Central Forensic Science Laboratories, State Forensic Science Laboratories, Government Examiners of Questioned Documents, Fingerprint Bureaus, National Crime Records Bureau, Police & Detective Training Schools, Bureau of Police Research & Development, Directorate of Forensic Science and Mobile Crime Laboratories. Police Academies. Police dogs. Services of crime laboratories. Basic services and optional services. Bomb detection & defuse squad, DOS squad. Forensic science in international perspectives, including set up of RAW, INTERPOL and FBI. Duties of forensic scientists

Forensic Report: Formats of Forensic Report, Purpose of Forensic Reports, description, reason for investigation, expert witness presentation, Registered reports, Incident Reports, Court Testimony, Pre-Court Preparations, Court appearance, Documentation: sketching, field notes and photography. Evidence Acquisition Processing Procedures, Video Content Analysis and Comparison, Audio Content Analysis, Examination in chief, Cross Examination and Re-examination, Legal and Public Information Management for Forensic Professionals, Ethics in Forensic Science. Sanction against expert for unethical conduct. Tools and Techniques in forensic report preparation, Code of conduct for forensic scientists. Data depiction. Report writing, admissibility of forensic report as evidence in court, Clinical Conclusions and Expert Opinions

Judiciary in Ancient India, Hierarchy and Powers of the Court, Introduction to Criminal Justice System, The Structure of the Indian Judiciary, Subordinate Courts, High Courts, Jurisdiction Of The Supreme Court, Developments In Indian Judicial System, Process and Parts of Criminal Justice System, Functions of the Judiciary in India, Judicial Delays, Priority in hearings, Future role of Indian Judiciary Agencies involved in Crime Investigation, Medico-legal Experts, Judicial Officers. Court Procedure: Examination in Chief, Cross Examination and Re-examination. Court Testimony: Admissibility of Expert Testimony Police: State and Central level, Role and Function of Police, Police and Forensic Scientist relationship

2. Sharma, B.R; Forensic Science in Criminal Investigation & Trials, Universal Publishing Co., New Delhi, 2003

3. James, S.H and Nordby, J.J; Forensic Science- An Introduction to Scientific and Investigative Techniques, CRC Press, USA, 2003.

4. Saferstein; Criminalistics- An Introduction of Forensic Science, Prentice Hall Inc, USA,2007.

5. B.B. Nanda and R.K. Tiwari, Forensic Science in India: A Vision for the Twenty First Century, Select Publishers, New Delhi (2001). 

6. S.H. James and J.J. Nordby, Forensic Science: An Introduction to Scientific and Investigative Techniques, 2nd Edition, CRC Press, Boca Raton (2005). 

2. A.S. Pillia, Criminal Law, 6th Edition, N.M. Tripathi Pvt Ltd., Mumbai (1983). 

3. R.C. Nigam, Law of Crimes in India, Volume I, Asia Publishing House, New Delhi (1965). 

4. (Chief Justice) M. Monir, Law of Evidence, 6th Edition, Universal Law Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi (2002). 

5. Bayer Acts of Indian Penal Code, Criminal Procedure Code and Indian Evidence Act.

6. Houck M. Max & Siegel A. Jay, Fundamentals of Forensic Science (3^rd edition), Academic Press, 2015.

7. Ramachandran R., Scientific techniques in criminal investigation (2^nd edition), Kamal Publishers, 2021.

● CIA 1: 10%

● CIA 2 (Mid Semester Examination): 25% (50 marks)

● CIA 3: 10 %

● Attendance: 5 %

CIA total: 50 marks

End Semester examination: 100 marks (50%)

Course aims are to provide the students with a strong foundation in the field of forensic science and will introduce the basics of forensic techniques and applications using case studies. Course will aim at classifying the evidence collected from the crime scene.

1. Identifying and classifying evidence from a given case study.

2. Using the principle of probability on a case study with respect to one evidence

3. Tracing the use of forensic science from any one of the following: a. Aarushi Talwar Case b. Nirbhaya

4. Tracing the use of forensic science from any one of the following: a. Ted Bundy b. The Lindberg Kidnapping

5. Analysis of Daubert vs Merell Dow Pharmaceuticals case study

6. Identifying evidence and relating the branch of forensic science that it should be sent to from a case study.

7. Writing a forensic report on a crime case from a case study.

8. Using a case study identify the agencies that need to be involved in the investigation process with proper justification.

9. Examine the latest report of NCRB and study the data about murder cases in India using digital pie charts and graphs for depiction.

10. Understanding the hierarchical set up of different forensic science establishments and suggest improvements.

2. Sharma, B.R; Forensic Science in Criminal Investigation & Trials, Universal Publishing Co., New Delhi, 2003

3. James, S.H and Nordby, J.J; Forensic Science- An Introduction to Scientific and Investigative Techniques, CRC Press, USA, 2003.

4. Saferstein; Criminalistics- An Introduction of Forensic Science, Prentice Hall Inc, USA,2007.

5. B.B. Nanda and R.K. Tiwari, Forensic Science in India: A Vision for the Twenty First Century, Select Publishers, New Delhi (2001). 

6. S.H. James and J.J. Nordby, Forensic Science: An Introduction to Scientific and Investigative Techniques, 2nd Edition, CRC Press, Boca Raton (2005). 

2. A.S. Pillia, Criminal Law, 6th Edition, N.M. Tripathi Pvt Ltd., Mumbai (1983). 

3. R.C. Nigam, Law of Crimes in India, Volume I, Asia Publishing House, New Delhi (1965). 

4. (Chief Justice) M. Monir, Law of Evidence, 6th Edition, Universal Law Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi (2002). 

5. Bayer Acts of Indian Penal Code, Criminal Procedure Code and Indian Evidence Act.

6. Houck M. Max & Siegel A. Jay, Fundamentals of Forensic Science (3^rd edition), Academic Press, 2015.

7. Ramachandran R., Scientific techniques in criminal investigation (2^nd edition), Kamal Publishers, 2021.

● Performance (CIA1): 20%

● CIA 2 (Mid Semester Examination): 20% (40 marks)

● Record: 10%

CIA total: 50 marks (50%)

End Semester examination: 50 marks (50%)

Time: 3 Hours                                                                                                 Total Marks: 50

1. Tracing the use of forensic science in the given case (Aarushi Talwar/ Nirbhaya Case).

(Principle; 2 marks, Procedure 4 Marks, Result; 4 Marks). 10 Marks

2. Analysis of Daubert vs Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals case study.

(Introduction; 2 marks, Evidence; 4 Marks; legal proceedings; 4 Marks). 10 Marks

3. Identify the agencies involved in an investigation of Sunanda pushkar murder case and brief about their reports.

(Introduction; 2 Marks, Report of Agencies; 4 Marks, Result, 4 Marks) 10 Marks

4. Understanding the hierarchical set up of different forensic science establishments.

(Classification of forensic Laboratories; 3 Marks, Divisions; 3 Marks, Hierarchical set up; 4 Marks) 10 Marks

5. Logical Questions (5 X 2) 10 Marks

This course will cover the consideration to engineering investigations and its various types.  Course will determine the causes of product failure, responsible factors for failure/ damage. Course will investigate

failures and learn from the mistakes that have led to disasters and the role of forensic engineer in court of law.

Forensic engineering and its importance, types of forensic engineering services and their functions, professional responsibilities of forensic engineer, opportunities in forensic engineering, role in legal investigation, Evidence gathering, assessment of damage Application of scientific methods; Energy method, Momentum methods. New product development, engineering tools in medical, accident, aviation, implant systems. 

Definition and causes of failure, industrial accidents, traffic accident reconstruction, environmental system failures, natural disasters, Cases of machinery failure, case examples of human injury, cases involving intellectual properties, case examples of structure collapse, defective engineering planning execution, Engineer as an Expert witness; Ethical considerations, trial and examination of accident and failure analysis. Application of animations, simulations and digital imaging in solving crime cases, Hazard Identification Analyses. Computer Forensics: Investigating Hard Disks, File and Operating, NFPA Guide for Fire and Explosion Investigation, The Business of Forensic Engineering.

Mechanical tools in reconstruction of crime, concepts of chemical, civil and electrical engineering as tools in determining the cause of crime. Intellectual property claims, Engineering licenses. Crime Scene Investigation Kit, Alternate Light Source, forensic audio analysis, ABFO Scales, Placards, Finger Print Detection kit, Barricading Equipment’s, Evidence Tags, Sniffer Dogs, Packaging Equipment’s. ESDA, GPR (Ground Penetrating Radar), RUVIS HAZMAT Suits, Personal Protective Equipment’s. Product Safety Equipment’s.

2. Kenneth L. Carper. Forensic Engineering, Second Edition, 2016.

2. K.L. Carper (ed.), Forensic Engineering, 2d ed. (CRC Press, 2001).

● CIA 1: 25%

● CIA 2 (Mid Semester Examination): 50% (50 marks)

● CIA 3: 25%

CIA total: 100 marks (to be converted to 50 marks)

No End Semester Examination

Mushroom cultivation offers the students theoretical and practical knowledge on mushroom farming.  Course provides the necessary skill sets for the students to identify the mushrooms at species level and will enable the students to differentiate poisonous and edible mushrooms. Prospects and the scope of mushroom cultivation will be detailed in the course. The course introduces methods of growing edible mushrooms, including culture maintenance, basic mushroom substrate selection process. Course also covers an important aspect of pest management and disease control strategy.

Introduction - Present scenario and prospects for Mushroom Cultivation; Nutritional and medicinal value of edible mushrooms; Brief description of Poisonous mushrooms; Types of edible mushrooms available in India - Volvariella volvacea, Pleurotus citrinopileatus, Agaricus bisporus; mushroom growing room and environmental growing systems, sterile techniques, an overview of techniques for mushroom cultivation, strain selection and improvement

Introduction - Present scenario and prospects for Mushroom Cultivation; Nutritional and medicinal value of edible mushrooms; Brief description of Poisonous mushrooms; Types of edible mushrooms available in India - Volvariella volvacea, Pleurotus citrinopileatus, Agaricus bisporus; mushroom growing room and environmental growing systems, sterile techniques, an overview of techniques for mushroom cultivation, strain selection and improvement

Introduction - Present scenario and prospects for Mushroom Cultivation; Nutritional and medicinal value of edible mushrooms; Brief description of Poisonous mushrooms; Types of edible mushrooms available in India - Volvariella volvacea, Pleurotus citrinopileatus, Agaricus bisporus; mushroom growing room and environmental growing systems, sterile techniques, an overview of techniques for mushroom cultivation, strain selection and improvement

Introduction - Present scenario and prospects for Mushroom Cultivation; Nutritional and medicinal value of edible mushrooms; Brief description of Poisonous mushrooms; Types of edible mushrooms available in India - Volvariella volvacea, Pleurotus citrinopileatus, Agaricus bisporus; mushroom growing room and environmental growing systems, sterile techniques, an overview of techniques for mushroom cultivation, strain selection and improvement

Introduction - Present scenario and prospects for Mushroom Cultivation; Nutritional and medicinal value of edible mushrooms; Brief description of Poisonous mushrooms; Types of edible mushrooms available in India - Volvariella volvacea, Pleurotus citrinopileatus, Agaricus bisporus; mushroom growing room and environmental growing systems, sterile techniques, an overview of techniques for mushroom cultivation, strain selection and improvement

Cultivation Technology of mushrooms: Infrastructure, substrates (locally available), Polythene bag, vessels, Inoculation hook, inoculation loop, low-cost stove, sieves, culture rack, mushroom unit (Thatched house), water sprayer, tray, small polythene bag. Pure culture: Medium, sterilization, preparation of spawn, multiplication. Mushroom bed preparation - paddy straw, sugarcane trash, maize straw, banana leaves. Factors affecting the mushroom bed preparation- Low-cost technology, composting technology in mushroom production -Role of composting in Mushroom cultivation, Appropriate materials to prepare different types of compost, Methods of composting – preparation and pasteurization, Determination of quality of compost, Hazards & risks associated with composting.

Cultivation Technology of mushrooms: Infrastructure, substrates (locally available), Polythene bag, vessels, Inoculation hook, inoculation loop, low-cost stove, sieves, culture rack, mushroom unit (Thatched house), water sprayer, tray, small polythene bag. Pure culture: Medium, sterilization, preparation of spawn, multiplication. Mushroom bed preparation - paddy straw, sugarcane trash, maize straw, banana leaves. Factors affecting the mushroom bed preparation- Low-cost technology, composting technology in mushroom production -Role of composting in Mushroom cultivation, Appropriate materials to prepare different types of compost, Methods of composting – preparation and pasteurization, Determination of quality of compost, Hazards & risks associated with composting.

Cultivation Technology of mushrooms: Infrastructure, substrates (locally available), Polythene bag, vessels, Inoculation hook, inoculation loop, low-cost stove, sieves, culture rack, mushroom unit (Thatched house), water sprayer, tray, small polythene bag. Pure culture: Medium, sterilization, preparation of spawn, multiplication. Mushroom bed preparation - paddy straw, sugarcane trash, maize straw, banana leaves. Factors affecting the mushroom bed preparation- Low-cost technology, composting technology in mushroom production -Role of composting in Mushroom cultivation, Appropriate materials to prepare different types of compost, Methods of composting – preparation and pasteurization, Determination of quality of compost, Hazards & risks associated with composting.

Cultivation Technology of mushrooms: Infrastructure, substrates (locally available), Polythene bag, vessels, Inoculation hook, inoculation loop, low-cost stove, sieves, culture rack, mushroom unit (Thatched house), water sprayer, tray, small polythene bag. Pure culture: Medium, sterilization, preparation of spawn, multiplication. Mushroom bed preparation - paddy straw, sugarcane trash, maize straw, banana leaves. Factors affecting the mushroom bed preparation- Low-cost technology, composting technology in mushroom production -Role of composting in Mushroom cultivation, Appropriate materials to prepare different types of compost, Methods of composting – preparation and pasteurization, Determination of quality of compost, Hazards & risks associated with composting.

Cultivation Technology of mushrooms: Infrastructure, substrates (locally available), Polythene bag, vessels, Inoculation hook, inoculation loop, low-cost stove, sieves, culture rack, mushroom unit (Thatched house), water sprayer, tray, small polythene bag. Pure culture: Medium, sterilization, preparation of spawn, multiplication. Mushroom bed preparation - paddy straw, sugarcane trash, maize straw, banana leaves. Factors affecting the mushroom bed preparation- Low-cost technology, composting technology in mushroom production -Role of composting in Mushroom cultivation, Appropriate materials to prepare different types of compost, Methods of composting – preparation and pasteurization, Determination of quality of compost, Hazards & risks associated with composting.

Disease control and pest Management: diseases of mushrooms, inspection of Mushroom bags or beds for early detection of pests and diseases, sterilized casing to control nematodes, Spraying fungicide after casing to check dry bubbles, Spraying insecticide for control of mites, Use of caustic chemicals to keep rodents away

Disease control and pest Management: diseases of mushrooms, inspection of Mushroom bags or beds for early detection of pests and diseases, sterilized casing to control nematodes, Spraying fungicide after casing to check dry bubbles, Spraying insecticide for control of mites, Use of caustic chemicals to keep rodents away

Disease control and pest Management: diseases of mushrooms, inspection of Mushroom bags or beds for early detection of pests and diseases, sterilized casing to control nematodes, Spraying fungicide after casing to check dry bubbles, Spraying insecticide for control of mites, Use of caustic chemicals to keep rodents away

Disease control and pest Management: diseases of mushrooms, inspection of Mushroom bags or beds for early detection of pests and diseases, sterilized casing to control nematodes, Spraying fungicide after casing to check dry bubbles, Spraying insecticide for control of mites, Use of caustic chemicals to keep rodents away

Disease control and pest Management: diseases of mushrooms, inspection of Mushroom bags or beds for early detection of pests and diseases, sterilized casing to control nematodes, Spraying fungicide after casing to check dry bubbles, Spraying insecticide for control of mites, Use of caustic chemicals to keep rodents away

Short-term storage (Refrigeration – up to 24 hours), Long-term Storage (canning, pickles, papads), drying, and storage in salt solutions, preservation of mushrooms. Nutrition - Proteins - amino acids, mineral elements nutrition - Carbohydrates, Crude fibre content - Vitamins.

Short-term storage (Refrigeration – up to 24 hours), Long-term Storage (canning, pickles, papads), drying, and storage in salt solutions, preservation of mushrooms. Nutrition - Proteins - amino acids, mineral elements nutrition - Carbohydrates, Crude fibre content - Vitamins.

Short-term storage (Refrigeration – up to 24 hours), Long-term Storage (canning, pickles, papads), drying, and storage in salt solutions, preservation of mushrooms. Nutrition - Proteins - amino acids, mineral elements nutrition - Carbohydrates, Crude fibre content - Vitamins.

Short-term storage (Refrigeration – up to 24 hours), Long-term Storage (canning, pickles, papads), drying, and storage in salt solutions, preservation of mushrooms. Nutrition - Proteins - amino acids, mineral elements nutrition - Carbohydrates, Crude fibre content - Vitamins.

Short-term storage (Refrigeration – up to 24 hours), Long-term Storage (canning, pickles, papads), drying, and storage in salt solutions, preservation of mushrooms. Nutrition - Proteins - amino acids, mineral elements nutrition - Carbohydrates, Crude fibre content - Vitamins.

Packaging, storing and grading of Mushroom & post-harvest procedures: Sorting the Mushrooms on size and quality, Packaging Mushrooms with labels containing the month and year of harvesting, quantity and type of Mushroom etc, Management of spent substrates and waste disposal of various mushrooms.Use of spent Mushrooms in vermi-composting and organic farming, Preparation of value-added products of Mushroom

Packaging, storing and grading of Mushroom & post-harvest procedures: Sorting the Mushrooms on size and quality, Packaging Mushrooms with labels containing the month and year of harvesting, quantity and type of Mushroom etc, Management of spent substrates and waste disposal of various mushrooms.Use of spent Mushrooms in vermi-composting and organic farming, Preparation of value-added products of Mushroom

Packaging, storing and grading of Mushroom & post-harvest procedures: Sorting the Mushrooms on size and quality, Packaging Mushrooms with labels containing the month and year of harvesting, quantity and type of Mushroom etc, Management of spent substrates and waste disposal of various mushrooms.Use of spent Mushrooms in vermi-composting and organic farming, Preparation of value-added products of Mushroom

Packaging, storing and grading of Mushroom & post-harvest procedures: Sorting the Mushrooms on size and quality, Packaging Mushrooms with labels containing the month and year of harvesting, quantity and type of Mushroom etc, Management of spent substrates and waste disposal of various mushrooms.Use of spent Mushrooms in vermi-composting and organic farming, Preparation of value-added products of Mushroom

Packaging, storing and grading of Mushroom & post-harvest procedures: Sorting the Mushrooms on size and quality, Packaging Mushrooms with labels containing the month and year of harvesting, quantity and type of Mushroom etc, Management of spent substrates and waste disposal of various mushrooms.Use of spent Mushrooms in vermi-composting and organic farming, Preparation of value-added products of Mushroom

Food Preparation: Types of foods prepared from the mushroom. Research Centres - National level and Regional level. Cost-benefit ratio - Marketing in India and abroad, Export Value.

Food Preparation: Types of foods prepared from the mushroom. Research Centres - National level and Regional level. Cost-benefit ratio - Marketing in India and abroad, Export Value.

Food Preparation: Types of foods prepared from the mushroom. Research Centres - National level and Regional level. Cost-benefit ratio - Marketing in India and abroad, Export Value.

Food Preparation: Types of foods prepared from the mushroom. Research Centres - National level and Regional level. Cost-benefit ratio - Marketing in India and abroad, Export Value.

Food Preparation: Types of foods prepared from the mushroom. Research Centres - National level and Regional level. Cost-benefit ratio - Marketing in India and abroad, Export Value.

Field Visit & Interaction with Mushroom cultivators and other Support Agencies

Field Visit & Interaction with Mushroom cultivators and other Support Agencies

Field Visit & Interaction with Mushroom cultivators and other Support Agencies

Field Visit & Interaction with Mushroom cultivators and other Support Agencies

Field Visit & Interaction with Mushroom cultivators and other Support Agencies

2. Tewan and Pankaj Kapoor S.C. 1993. Mushroom cultivation. Mittal Publication. Delhi.

3. Marimuth et al., 1991. Oyster Mushrooms. Dept. of Plant pathology, TNAU, Coimbatore.

 4. Shu Fing Chang, Philip G. Miles and Chang, S.T. 2004. Mushrooms Cultivation, nutritional value, medicinal effect and environmental impact. 2nd ed., CRC press.

 2.      Kumar, N., 1997, Introduction to Horticulture, Rajalakshmi Publications, Nagercoil.

 CIAI – Assignments/test/presentation/etc – 10%

 CIAII – Midsemester exam – 25%

 CIAIII - Assignments/test/presentation/etc – 10%

 Attendance – 5%

 End Semester Theory Exam – 50%

This course covers the basic science and technology of algae cultivation. It provides students with the skills required to work in the algae cultivation (algaculture) industry or create their own algal culture business. Students will learn the controlled environment requirements for successfully cultivating various algae species. The program emphasizes training in algal cultivation technologies, including algal culture extension training. Knowledge acquired will prepare students for jobs as Greenhouse/Agricultural Workers, Plant Technicians, Plant Managers, Laboratory Technicians, Sales Managers, Public Relations and Outreach, Extension Service and/or Business Owners/Managers

Algal taxonomy and classification, Algal life cycle and growth requirements, Algal biochemistry and metabolism, Algal ecology and distribution.

Algal taxonomy and classification, Algal life cycle and growth requirements, Algal biochemistry and metabolism, Algal ecology and distribution.

Algal taxonomy and classification, Algal life cycle and growth requirements, Algal biochemistry and metabolism, Algal ecology and distribution.

Algal taxonomy and classification, Algal life cycle and growth requirements, Algal biochemistry and metabolism, Algal ecology and distribution.

Algal taxonomy and classification, Algal life cycle and growth requirements, Algal biochemistry and metabolism, Algal ecology and distribution.

Lab scale culture, Photo-bioreactors: types and optimization, Open systems: Ponds, Organic Spirulina cultivation, Strategies to increase biomass in algal culture systems.

Lab scale culture, Photo-bioreactors: types and optimization, Open systems: Ponds, Organic Spirulina cultivation, Strategies to increase biomass in algal culture systems.

Lab scale culture, Photo-bioreactors: types and optimization, Open systems: Ponds, Organic Spirulina cultivation, Strategies to increase biomass in algal culture systems.

Lab scale culture, Photo-bioreactors: types and optimization, Open systems: Ponds, Organic Spirulina cultivation, Strategies to increase biomass in algal culture systems.

Lab scale culture, Photo-bioreactors: types and optimization, Open systems: Ponds, Organic Spirulina cultivation, Strategies to increase biomass in algal culture systems.

Life history of major commercially important seaweed species of India (Including Kappaphycus, Sargassum, Ulva, Porphyra), Nursery rearing of Zoids of seaweed species, Commercial mariculture methods of seaweeds, Floating raft method, semi-floating raft method, off-bottom method and bottom planting method, Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture.

Life history of major commercially important seaweed species of India (Including Kappaphycus, Sargassum, Ulva, Porphyra), Nursery rearing of Zoids of seaweed species, Commercial mariculture methods of seaweeds, Floating raft method, semi-floating raft method, off-bottom method and bottom planting method, Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture.

Life history of major commercially important seaweed species of India (Including Kappaphycus, Sargassum, Ulva, Porphyra), Nursery rearing of Zoids of seaweed species, Commercial mariculture methods of seaweeds, Floating raft method, semi-floating raft method, off-bottom method and bottom planting method, Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture.

Life history of major commercially important seaweed species of India (Including Kappaphycus, Sargassum, Ulva, Porphyra), Nursery rearing of Zoids of seaweed species, Commercial mariculture methods of seaweeds, Floating raft method, semi-floating raft method, off-bottom method and bottom planting method, Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture.

Life history of major commercially important seaweed species of India (Including Kappaphycus, Sargassum, Ulva, Porphyra), Nursery rearing of Zoids of seaweed species, Commercial mariculture methods of seaweeds, Floating raft method, semi-floating raft method, off-bottom method and bottom planting method, Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture.

Major algal species for biofuel research, advantageous for using algae for biofuel production in comparison with terrestrial plants like Jatropha, strategies to increase the oil content of algae, downstream processing for the biofuel production.

Major algal species for biofuel research, advantageous for using algae for biofuel production in comparison with terrestrial plants like Jatropha, strategies to increase the oil content of algae, downstream processing for the biofuel production.

Major algal species for biofuel research, advantageous for using algae for biofuel production in comparison with terrestrial plants like Jatropha, strategies to increase the oil content of algae, downstream processing for the biofuel production.

Major algal species for biofuel research, advantageous for using algae for biofuel production in comparison with terrestrial plants like Jatropha, strategies to increase the oil content of algae, downstream processing for the biofuel production.

Major algal species for biofuel research, advantageous for using algae for biofuel production in comparison with terrestrial plants like Jatropha, strategies to increase the oil content of algae, downstream processing for the biofuel production.

Introduction to Carbon Capture and Sequestration (CCS), CCS as mitigation for climate change, CCS through algae, strategies to increase carbon sequestration levels, Major algal species as candidates for CCS.

Introduction to Carbon Capture and Sequestration (CCS), CCS as mitigation for climate change, CCS through algae, strategies to increase carbon sequestration levels, Major algal species as candidates for CCS.

Introduction to Carbon Capture and Sequestration (CCS), CCS as mitigation for climate change, CCS through algae, strategies to increase carbon sequestration levels, Major algal species as candidates for CCS.

Introduction to Carbon Capture and Sequestration (CCS), CCS as mitigation for climate change, CCS through algae, strategies to increase carbon sequestration levels, Major algal species as candidates for CCS.

Introduction to Carbon Capture and Sequestration (CCS), CCS as mitigation for climate change, CCS through algae, strategies to increase carbon sequestration levels, Major algal species as candidates for CCS.

Algae-based wastewater treatment systems, Nutrient removal and recovery using algae, Algal-bacterial symbiotic systems

Algae-based wastewater treatment systems, Nutrient removal and recovery using algae, Algal-bacterial symbiotic systems

Algae-based wastewater treatment systems, Nutrient removal and recovery using algae, Algal-bacterial symbiotic systems

Algae-based wastewater treatment systems, Nutrient removal and recovery using algae, Algal-bacterial symbiotic systems

Algae-based wastewater treatment systems, Nutrient removal and recovery using algae, Algal-bacterial symbiotic systems

Visit to algal cultivation centers, Hands-on experience in algal biomass production, Algal harvesting and processing techniques, Analyzing algal samples and evaluating productivity.

Visit to algal cultivation centers, Hands-on experience in algal biomass production, Algal harvesting and processing techniques, Analyzing algal samples and evaluating productivity.

Visit to algal cultivation centers, Hands-on experience in algal biomass production, Algal harvesting and processing techniques, Analyzing algal samples and evaluating productivity.

Visit to algal cultivation centers, Hands-on experience in algal biomass production, Algal harvesting and processing techniques, Analyzing algal samples and evaluating productivity.

Visit to algal cultivation centers, Hands-on experience in algal biomass production, Algal harvesting and processing techniques, Analyzing algal samples and evaluating productivity.

2. Bast, F. (2014). An Illustrated Review on Cultivation and Life History of Agronomically Important Sea plants. In Seaweed: Mineral Composition, Nutritional and Antioxidant Benefits and Agricultural Uses, EdsVitor Hugo Pomin, 39-70. Nova Publishers, New York ISBN: 978-1-63117-571-8

2. Sahoo, D. (2000). Farming the ocean: seaweed cultivation and utilization. Aravali International, New Delhi.

3. Bast, F (2014). Seaweeds: Ancestors of land plants with rich diversity. Resonance, 19(2) 1032-1043 ISSN: 0971-8044

4. Chisti, Y. (2013). Constraints to commercialization of algal fuels. Journal of Biotechnology, 167(3), 201-214.

5. Grossman, A. R., & Bhaya, D. (2014). Algal genomics: exploring the diversity of algal genomes. Genomics of Cyanobacteria, Chloroplasts, and Mitochondria, 339-363.

6. Huesemann, M. H., & Benemann, J. R. (2012). Biofuels from microalgae: a review of technologies for production, processing, and extractions of biofuels and co-products. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 16(1), 431-454.

 7. Schnurr, P. J., & Espie, G. S. (2016). Photosynthesis in the marine green alga Ulva: impacts of light and salinity stress on electron flow to oxygen. Journal of Phycology, 52(2), 297-309.

Elements of Fieldwork is designed as a course that equips undergraduates for fieldwork relevant to research in life sciences. It aims to expose students to the rigours of fieldwork and teach some of the general methods used by field researchers not only in life sciences, but also ecology and geography. In that sense, the stress is on a broad interdisciplinary understanding of field, and practical knowledge to undertake outdoor research.

The course is divided into five units, each comprising an element of nature – earth, water, fire (energy), air and sky (space). Together they expose students to different aspects of the environment. Earth is all about different terrains and their role in supporting biodiversity. The classes will include understanding different geographical features such as forests, rocky surfaces, wetlands, built-up spaces and drylands - through remote sensing images, maps and field observation. Water looks at  different forms and types of water, their significance to life, and water conservation. Fire deals with conventional and renewable energy sources -  starting from sunlight. Wind looks at wind flow, measurement, wind energy and effects of wind on the environment. Sky is all about understanding, mapping and  measuring space and planning its use in nature conservation. The field activities will include observation of  local weather, and an appreciation of the campus biodiversity, seasons and environmental dynamics.

While exposing students to observation and investigation of each of these elements, the course equips them with skill sets required for field study methods relevant to life sciences and ecology.

1.     The unit Earth is all about different terrains and their role in supporting biodiversity. The classes will include understanding different geographical features such as forests, rocky surfaces, wetlands, built-up spaces and drylands - through remote sensing images, maps and field observation.

      Lecture 1 - Blue Marble: earth seen from space (1hr)

The class explains the basics of satellite imagery and remote sensing. It offers a practical session on on making sense of satellite data and sources to access them.

2.     Lecture 2  - Lara Croft or Indiana Jones: kitting out for fieldwork (1hr)

The class explains: how to prepare for fieldwork? What to carry?  How to stay safe? How to be responsible and ethical?

3.     Lecture 3 -  Notes, snaps and snatches (1hr)

Using notes, sketches mobile phone cameras and sound recording. Apps and references for life sciences fieldwork. E.g., Merlin Bird ID from Cornel Ornithology Lab; iNaturalist, Kew Tropical Plant Identification Handbook

4.      Field classes: campus terrain (1hr x 6 classes)

A field study of different habitats, land features and environments in the campus and surroundings. These trips will include exercises for mapping, note-taking and usage of specialist tools and apps such as Google Earth. They will also include an appreciation of biodiversity and looking at conservation needs and options

1.     The unit Earth is all about different terrains and their role in supporting biodiversity. The classes will include understanding different geographical features such as forests, rocky surfaces, wetlands, built-up spaces and drylands - through remote sensing images, maps and field observation.

      Lecture 1 - Blue Marble: earth seen from space (1hr)

The class explains the basics of satellite imagery and remote sensing. It offers a practical session on on making sense of satellite data and sources to access them.

2.     Lecture 2  - Lara Croft or Indiana Jones: kitting out for fieldwork (1hr)

The class explains: how to prepare for fieldwork? What to carry?  How to stay safe? How to be responsible and ethical?

3.     Lecture 3 -  Notes, snaps and snatches (1hr)

Using notes, sketches mobile phone cameras and sound recording. Apps and references for life sciences fieldwork. E.g., Merlin Bird ID from Cornel Ornithology Lab; iNaturalist, Kew Tropical Plant Identification Handbook

4.      Field classes: campus terrain (1hr x 6 classes)

A field study of different habitats, land features and environments in the campus and surroundings. These trips will include exercises for mapping, note-taking and usage of specialist tools and apps such as Google Earth. They will also include an appreciation of biodiversity and looking at conservation needs and options

1.     The unit Earth is all about different terrains and their role in supporting biodiversity. The classes will include understanding different geographical features such as forests, rocky surfaces, wetlands, built-up spaces and drylands - through remote sensing images, maps and field observation.

      Lecture 1 - Blue Marble: earth seen from space (1hr)

The class explains the basics of satellite imagery and remote sensing. It offers a practical session on on making sense of satellite data and sources to access them.

2.     Lecture 2  - Lara Croft or Indiana Jones: kitting out for fieldwork (1hr)

The class explains: how to prepare for fieldwork? What to carry?  How to stay safe? How to be responsible and ethical?

3.     Lecture 3 -  Notes, snaps and snatches (1hr)

Using notes, sketches mobile phone cameras and sound recording. Apps and references for life sciences fieldwork. E.g., Merlin Bird ID from Cornel Ornithology Lab; iNaturalist, Kew Tropical Plant Identification Handbook

4.      Field classes: campus terrain (1hr x 6 classes)

A field study of different habitats, land features and environments in the campus and surroundings. These trips will include exercises for mapping, note-taking and usage of specialist tools and apps such as Google Earth. They will also include an appreciation of biodiversity and looking at conservation needs and options

1.     The unit Earth is all about different terrains and their role in supporting biodiversity. The classes will include understanding different geographical features such as forests, rocky surfaces, wetlands, built-up spaces and drylands - through remote sensing images, maps and field observation.

      Lecture 1 - Blue Marble: earth seen from space (1hr)

The class explains the basics of satellite imagery and remote sensing. It offers a practical session on on making sense of satellite data and sources to access them.

2.     Lecture 2  - Lara Croft or Indiana Jones: kitting out for fieldwork (1hr)

The class explains: how to prepare for fieldwork? What to carry?  How to stay safe? How to be responsible and ethical?

3.     Lecture 3 -  Notes, snaps and snatches (1hr)

Using notes, sketches mobile phone cameras and sound recording. Apps and references for life sciences fieldwork. E.g., Merlin Bird ID from Cornel Ornithology Lab; iNaturalist, Kew Tropical Plant Identification Handbook

4.      Field classes: campus terrain (1hr x 6 classes)

A field study of different habitats, land features and environments in the campus and surroundings. These trips will include exercises for mapping, note-taking and usage of specialist tools and apps such as Google Earth. They will also include an appreciation of biodiversity and looking at conservation needs and options

1.     The unit Earth is all about different terrains and their role in supporting biodiversity. The classes will include understanding different geographical features such as forests, rocky surfaces, wetlands, built-up spaces and drylands - through remote sensing images, maps and field observation.

      Lecture 1 - Blue Marble: earth seen from space (1hr)

The class explains the basics of satellite imagery and remote sensing. It offers a practical session on on making sense of satellite data and sources to access them.

2.     Lecture 2  - Lara Croft or Indiana Jones: kitting out for fieldwork (1hr)

The class explains: how to prepare for fieldwork? What to carry?  How to stay safe? How to be responsible and ethical?

3.     Lecture 3 -  Notes, snaps and snatches (1hr)

Using notes, sketches mobile phone cameras and sound recording. Apps and references for life sciences fieldwork. E.g., Merlin Bird ID from Cornel Ornithology Lab; iNaturalist, Kew Tropical Plant Identification Handbook

4.      Field classes: campus terrain (1hr x 6 classes)

A field study of different habitats, land features and environments in the campus and surroundings. These trips will include exercises for mapping, note-taking and usage of specialist tools and apps such as Google Earth. They will also include an appreciation of biodiversity and looking at conservation needs and options

The unit looks at  different forms and types of water, their significance to life, and water conservation. 

1.      Lecture 1 - 71%: an introduction to water resources (1hr)

An Introduction to the world’s water resources, and the challenges they face – climate change, pollution, resource crunch, conflicts.

2.      Lecture 2 - What goes up must come down: the water cycle (1hr)

An introduction to atmospheric and ocean processes involving water and its significance to the earth, its climate and people. 

3.      Lecture 3 - When it rains cats and dogs: the story of precipitation (1hr)

Basics of rain, snow, dew, monsoon, and how climate change impacts them all. 

4.      Field classes:  Water in campus 1 hr x 6 classes

Observation of water bodies in the campus, and other water sources around campus. The work will involve  finding and mapping water sources, checking water quality, appreciating aquatic life and exploring water conservation options.

The unit looks at  different forms and types of water, their significance to life, and water conservation. 

1.      Lecture 1 - 71%: an introduction to water resources (1hr)

An Introduction to the world’s water resources, and the challenges they face – climate change, pollution, resource crunch, conflicts.

2.      Lecture 2 - What goes up must come down: the water cycle (1hr)

An introduction to atmospheric and ocean processes involving water and its significance to the earth, its climate and people. 

3.      Lecture 3 - When it rains cats and dogs: the story of precipitation (1hr)

Basics of rain, snow, dew, monsoon, and how climate change impacts them all. 

4.      Field classes:  Water in campus 1 hr x 6 classes

Observation of water bodies in the campus, and other water sources around campus. The work will involve  finding and mapping water sources, checking water quality, appreciating aquatic life and exploring water conservation options.

The unit looks at  different forms and types of water, their significance to life, and water conservation. 

1.      Lecture 1 - 71%: an introduction to water resources (1hr)

An Introduction to the world’s water resources, and the challenges they face – climate change, pollution, resource crunch, conflicts.

2.      Lecture 2 - What goes up must come down: the water cycle (1hr)

An introduction to atmospheric and ocean processes involving water and its significance to the earth, its climate and people. 

3.      Lecture 3 - When it rains cats and dogs: the story of precipitation (1hr)

Basics of rain, snow, dew, monsoon, and how climate change impacts them all. 

4.      Field classes:  Water in campus 1 hr x 6 classes

Observation of water bodies in the campus, and other water sources around campus. The work will involve  finding and mapping water sources, checking water quality, appreciating aquatic life and exploring water conservation options.

The unit looks at  different forms and types of water, their significance to life, and water conservation. 

1.      Lecture 1 - 71%: an introduction to water resources (1hr)

An Introduction to the world’s water resources, and the challenges they face – climate change, pollution, resource crunch, conflicts.

2.      Lecture 2 - What goes up must come down: the water cycle (1hr)

An introduction to atmospheric and ocean processes involving water and its significance to the earth, its climate and people. 

3.      Lecture 3 - When it rains cats and dogs: the story of precipitation (1hr)

Basics of rain, snow, dew, monsoon, and how climate change impacts them all. 

4.      Field classes:  Water in campus 1 hr x 6 classes

Observation of water bodies in the campus, and other water sources around campus. The work will involve  finding and mapping water sources, checking water quality, appreciating aquatic life and exploring water conservation options.

The unit looks at  different forms and types of water, their significance to life, and water conservation. 

1.      Lecture 1 - 71%: an introduction to water resources (1hr)

An Introduction to the world’s water resources, and the challenges they face – climate change, pollution, resource crunch, conflicts.

2.      Lecture 2 - What goes up must come down: the water cycle (1hr)

An introduction to atmospheric and ocean processes involving water and its significance to the earth, its climate and people. 

3.      Lecture 3 - When it rains cats and dogs: the story of precipitation (1hr)

Basics of rain, snow, dew, monsoon, and how climate change impacts them all. 

4.      Field classes:  Water in campus 1 hr x 6 classes

Observation of water bodies in the campus, and other water sources around campus. The work will involve  finding and mapping water sources, checking water quality, appreciating aquatic life and exploring water conservation options.

Fire deals with conventional and renewable energy sources -  starting from sunlight.

Lecture 1 - E=mc²: The energy cycle (1hr)

The class explains the interactions between energy sources within the Earth’s environment. Even small changes impact long-term climate and in turn life.

2.      Lecture 2 - Big Oil, bad oil: the fossil fuel crisis (1hr)

       A class on carbon emissions, and the role of transport and industry 

3.      Lecture 3 -  Hype, hip or a hippie thing. The renewables revolution (1hr)

Solar, wind, waves, smart buildings: how renewables and energy saving saves our climate. 

4.       Field classes: A race to reach zero (1 hrs x 6 classes)

Campus tours to explore various efforts and new options for smart/renewable energy systems. The exploration will include introduction to technologies such as energy meters and light-sensitive switches, and interviews with experts and university officers.

Fire deals with conventional and renewable energy sources -  starting from sunlight.

Lecture 1 - E=mc²: The energy cycle (1hr)

The class explains the interactions between energy sources within the Earth’s environment. Even small changes impact long-term climate and in turn life.

2.      Lecture 2 - Big Oil, bad oil: the fossil fuel crisis (1hr)

       A class on carbon emissions, and the role of transport and industry 

3.      Lecture 3 -  Hype, hip or a hippie thing. The renewables revolution (1hr)

Solar, wind, waves, smart buildings: how renewables and energy saving saves our climate. 

4.       Field classes: A race to reach zero (1 hrs x 6 classes)

Campus tours to explore various efforts and new options for smart/renewable energy systems. The exploration will include introduction to technologies such as energy meters and light-sensitive switches, and interviews with experts and university officers.

Fire deals with conventional and renewable energy sources -  starting from sunlight.

Lecture 1 - E=mc²: The energy cycle (1hr)

The class explains the interactions between energy sources within the Earth’s environment. Even small changes impact long-term climate and in turn life.

2.      Lecture 2 - Big Oil, bad oil: the fossil fuel crisis (1hr)

       A class on carbon emissions, and the role of transport and industry 

3.      Lecture 3 -  Hype, hip or a hippie thing. The renewables revolution (1hr)

Solar, wind, waves, smart buildings: how renewables and energy saving saves our climate. 

4.       Field classes: A race to reach zero (1 hrs x 6 classes)

Campus tours to explore various efforts and new options for smart/renewable energy systems. The exploration will include introduction to technologies such as energy meters and light-sensitive switches, and interviews with experts and university officers.

Fire deals with conventional and renewable energy sources -  starting from sunlight.

Lecture 1 - E=mc²: The energy cycle (1hr)

The class explains the interactions between energy sources within the Earth’s environment. Even small changes impact long-term climate and in turn life.

2.      Lecture 2 - Big Oil, bad oil: the fossil fuel crisis (1hr)

       A class on carbon emissions, and the role of transport and industry 

3.      Lecture 3 -  Hype, hip or a hippie thing. The renewables revolution (1hr)

Solar, wind, waves, smart buildings: how renewables and energy saving saves our climate. 

4.       Field classes: A race to reach zero (1 hrs x 6 classes)

Campus tours to explore various efforts and new options for smart/renewable energy systems. The exploration will include introduction to technologies such as energy meters and light-sensitive switches, and interviews with experts and university officers.

Fire deals with conventional and renewable energy sources -  starting from sunlight.

Lecture 1 - E=mc²: The energy cycle (1hr)

The class explains the interactions between energy sources within the Earth’s environment. Even small changes impact long-term climate and in turn life.

2.      Lecture 2 - Big Oil, bad oil: the fossil fuel crisis (1hr)

       A class on carbon emissions, and the role of transport and industry 

3.      Lecture 3 -  Hype, hip or a hippie thing. The renewables revolution (1hr)

Solar, wind, waves, smart buildings: how renewables and energy saving saves our climate. 

4.       Field classes: A race to reach zero (1 hrs x 6 classes)

Campus tours to explore various efforts and new options for smart/renewable energy systems. The exploration will include introduction to technologies such as energy meters and light-sensitive switches, and interviews with experts and university officers.

The unit Wind looks at wind flow, measurement, energy and effects of wind on the environment.

1.      Lecture  1 - one with the wind: Global wind circulation, local impacts (1hr)                                                           An introduction to global wind patterns or the "general circulation", surface winds and their local influence

2.       Lecture 2 - Breathing life: wind influence on flora and fauna (1hr)

The class explains how changing wind patterns influence forests, farms and species dispersal 

3.       Lecture 3 - Windmills of your mind: wind as a renewable energy resource (1hr)

An introductory class on wind energy resources, their relevance, future and impacts on the environment.

1.       Field classes:  chasing the wind (1hr x 6 classes)

Measuring and mapping wind at different parts and heights of the Central Campus and surrounding areas with a handheld anemometer and a wind vane. Understanding how buildings influence wind flow, and wind flow influences ambient temperature. Spotting cool places in campus. Checking options for wind/hybrid energy generation systems in campus.

The unit Wind looks at wind flow, measurement, energy and effects of wind on the environment.

1.      Lecture  1 - one with the wind: Global wind circulation, local impacts (1hr)                                                           An introduction to global wind patterns or the "general circulation", surface winds and their local influence

2.       Lecture 2 - Breathing life: wind influence on flora and fauna (1hr)

The class explains how changing wind patterns influence forests, farms and species dispersal 

3.       Lecture 3 - Windmills of your mind: wind as a renewable energy resource (1hr)

An introductory class on wind energy resources, their relevance, future and impacts on the environment.

1.       Field classes:  chasing the wind (1hr x 6 classes)

Measuring and mapping wind at different parts and heights of the Central Campus and surrounding areas with a handheld anemometer and a wind vane. Understanding how buildings influence wind flow, and wind flow influences ambient temperature. Spotting cool places in campus. Checking options for wind/hybrid energy generation systems in campus.

The unit Wind looks at wind flow, measurement, energy and effects of wind on the environment.

1.      Lecture  1 - one with the wind: Global wind circulation, local impacts (1hr)                                                           An introduction to global wind patterns or the "general circulation", surface winds and their local influence

2.       Lecture 2 - Breathing life: wind influence on flora and fauna (1hr)

The class explains how changing wind patterns influence forests, farms and species dispersal 

3.       Lecture 3 - Windmills of your mind: wind as a renewable energy resource (1hr)

An introductory class on wind energy resources, their relevance, future and impacts on the environment.

1.       Field classes:  chasing the wind (1hr x 6 classes)

Measuring and mapping wind at different parts and heights of the Central Campus and surrounding areas with a handheld anemometer and a wind vane. Understanding how buildings influence wind flow, and wind flow influences ambient temperature. Spotting cool places in campus. Checking options for wind/hybrid energy generation systems in campus.

The unit Wind looks at wind flow, measurement, energy and effects of wind on the environment.

1.      Lecture  1 - one with the wind: Global wind circulation, local impacts (1hr)                                                           An introduction to global wind patterns or the "general circulation", surface winds and their local influence

2.       Lecture 2 - Breathing life: wind influence on flora and fauna (1hr)

The class explains how changing wind patterns influence forests, farms and species dispersal 

3.       Lecture 3 - Windmills of your mind: wind as a renewable energy resource (1hr)

An introductory class on wind energy resources, their relevance, future and impacts on the environment.

1.       Field classes:  chasing the wind (1hr x 6 classes)

Measuring and mapping wind at different parts and heights of the Central Campus and surrounding areas with a handheld anemometer and a wind vane. Understanding how buildings influence wind flow, and wind flow influences ambient temperature. Spotting cool places in campus. Checking options for wind/hybrid energy generation systems in campus.

The unit Wind looks at wind flow, measurement, energy and effects of wind on the environment.

1.      Lecture  1 - one with the wind: Global wind circulation, local impacts (1hr)                                                           An introduction to global wind patterns or the "general circulation", surface winds and their local influence

2.       Lecture 2 - Breathing life: wind influence on flora and fauna (1hr)

The class explains how changing wind patterns influence forests, farms and species dispersal 

3.       Lecture 3 - Windmills of your mind: wind as a renewable energy resource (1hr)

An introductory class on wind energy resources, their relevance, future and impacts on the environment.

1.       Field classes:  chasing the wind (1hr x 6 classes)

Measuring and mapping wind at different parts and heights of the Central Campus and surrounding areas with a handheld anemometer and a wind vane. Understanding how buildings influence wind flow, and wind flow influences ambient temperature. Spotting cool places in campus. Checking options for wind/hybrid energy generation systems in campus.

Sky is all about understanding, mapping and  measuring space and planning its use in nature conservation.

1.       Lecture 1 - Mapping the world, its water and land (1hr)

A brief history of maps — from Herodotus to Google Earth. The class shows students various types of maps, and their use in life sciences research.

2.      Lecture 2 - Google me: an introduction to Google maps (1hr)

A hands-on introduction to Google maps

3.      Lecture 3 - GIS and tell: an introduction to Geographical Information System (1hr)

A hands-on introduction to using and making maps for relevant to life sciences research 

4.      Filed classes: Finding your way with Global Positioning System (GPS) (1 hr x 6 classes)  

      A hands-on introduction to GPS and map-making - using way markers and navigation charts inside the central campus; and creating and making entries on maps used for different purposes such as conservation and land use changes.

Sky is all about understanding, mapping and  measuring space and planning its use in nature conservation.

1.       Lecture 1 - Mapping the world, its water and land (1hr)

A brief history of maps — from Herodotus to Google Earth. The class shows students various types of maps, and their use in life sciences research.

2.      Lecture 2 - Google me: an introduction to Google maps (1hr)

A hands-on introduction to Google maps

3.      Lecture 3 - GIS and tell: an introduction to Geographical Information System (1hr)

A hands-on introduction to using and making maps for relevant to life sciences research 

4.      Filed classes: Finding your way with Global Positioning System (GPS) (1 hr x 6 classes)  

      A hands-on introduction to GPS and map-making - using way markers and navigation charts inside the central campus; and creating and making entries on maps used for different purposes such as conservation and land use changes.

Sky is all about understanding, mapping and  measuring space and planning its use in nature conservation.

1.       Lecture 1 - Mapping the world, its water and land (1hr)

A brief history of maps — from Herodotus to Google Earth. The class shows students various types of maps, and their use in life sciences research.

2.      Lecture 2 - Google me: an introduction to Google maps (1hr)

A hands-on introduction to Google maps

3.      Lecture 3 - GIS and tell: an introduction to Geographical Information System (1hr)

A hands-on introduction to using and making maps for relevant to life sciences research 

4.      Filed classes: Finding your way with Global Positioning System (GPS) (1 hr x 6 classes)  

      A hands-on introduction to GPS and map-making - using way markers and navigation charts inside the central campus; and creating and making entries on maps used for different purposes such as conservation and land use changes.

Sky is all about understanding, mapping and  measuring space and planning its use in nature conservation.

1.       Lecture 1 - Mapping the world, its water and land (1hr)

A brief history of maps — from Herodotus to Google Earth. The class shows students various types of maps, and their use in life sciences research.

2.      Lecture 2 - Google me: an introduction to Google maps (1hr)

A hands-on introduction to Google maps

3.      Lecture 3 - GIS and tell: an introduction to Geographical Information System (1hr)

A hands-on introduction to using and making maps for relevant to life sciences research 

4.      Filed classes: Finding your way with Global Positioning System (GPS) (1 hr x 6 classes)  

      A hands-on introduction to GPS and map-making - using way markers and navigation charts inside the central campus; and creating and making entries on maps used for different purposes such as conservation and land use changes.

Sky is all about understanding, mapping and  measuring space and planning its use in nature conservation.

1.       Lecture 1 - Mapping the world, its water and land (1hr)

A brief history of maps — from Herodotus to Google Earth. The class shows students various types of maps, and their use in life sciences research.

2.      Lecture 2 - Google me: an introduction to Google maps (1hr)

A hands-on introduction to Google maps

3.      Lecture 3 - GIS and tell: an introduction to Geographical Information System (1hr)

A hands-on introduction to using and making maps for relevant to life sciences research 

4.      Filed classes: Finding your way with Global Positioning System (GPS) (1 hr x 6 classes)  

      A hands-on introduction to GPS and map-making - using way markers and navigation charts inside the central campus; and creating and making entries on maps used for different purposes such as conservation and land use changes.

1. Nagendra, H (2016) Nature in the city: Bengaluru in the past, present and future, New Delhi: OUP.

2.  National Geographic (2024) Fieldwork: https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/field-work/

3. Royal Geographical Society (2024) Ecosystem fieldwork techniques Ecosystems fieldwork techniques - RGS 

Essential watching

1.       A Life on our planet (Netflix)

2.       Don’t look up (Netflix) 

3.       Charles Darwin and the tree of life https://topdocumentaryfilms.com

(There will be options for screening the films on campus)

Dixit, K. and Subba, B. (2000) Water Wisdom, Kathmandu, Panos Institute, South Asia, PowerPoint presentations, news clippings and notes will be given for each session.

Recommended watching

1.       The boy who harnessed the wind (Netflix)

2.       Before the flood (YouTube)

3.       An inconvenient truth (Amazon Prime)

4.       Oppenheimer (Amazon Prime)

(There will be options for screening of these films on campus)

 CIA I – Quiz after each unit's theory classes – 20 marks

 CIA II – Midsemester exam (assignment based on fieldwork)– 50 marks

 CIA III - Quiz after each unit's practical classes – 20 marks

(CIA I-III marks will be given out of total of 90 and then halved to 45)

 Attendance – 5

 End Semester Exam – 50 marks

Total marks - 100 

This course introduces the students to the world of microbes discussing their salient features and importance. It discusses the fundamental principles and procedures of microbiology research and highlights GLP. The course further covers the basics of biostatistics essential for dealing with the analytical part of biological research. It surveys bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa, as well as their growth characteristics and morphology. This course guides the students to learn appropriate microbiology.

History and scope of Microbiology, Microscopy – Light, Phase contrast, Fluorescence & Electron microscopy: Stains and staining techniques - Gram’s, acid fast, capsular, flagellar and endospore staining. Physical and Chemical control of microorganisms. Methods of Sterilization, Methods for  isolation of pure culture, Culture and Media preparation – Solid and Liquid – Types of Media – Synthetic and Complex, Enriched, Enrichment, Selective and Differential media  Anaerobic culture technique – Candle Jar method, Wright‟s tube, Roll tube, Mclntoshfilde‟s jar method. Methods for enumeration of bacteria, Characters used for classification of microbes.

History and scope of Microbiology, Microscopy – Light, Phase contrast, Fluorescence & Electron microscopy: Stains and staining techniques - Gram’s, acid fast, capsular, flagellar and endospore staining. Physical and Chemical control of microorganisms. Methods of Sterilization, Methods for  isolation of pure culture, Culture and Media preparation – Solid and Liquid – Types of Media – Synthetic and Complex, Enriched, Enrichment, Selective and Differential media  Anaerobic culture technique – Candle Jar method, Wright‟s tube, Roll tube, Mclntoshfilde‟s jar method. Methods for enumeration of bacteria, Characters used for classification of microbes.

History and scope of Microbiology, Microscopy – Light, Phase contrast, Fluorescence & Electron microscopy: Stains and staining techniques - Gram’s, acid fast, capsular, flagellar and endospore staining. Physical and Chemical control of microorganisms. Methods of Sterilization, Methods for  isolation of pure culture, Culture and Media preparation – Solid and Liquid – Types of Media – Synthetic and Complex, Enriched, Enrichment, Selective and Differential media  Anaerobic culture technique – Candle Jar method, Wright‟s tube, Roll tube, Mclntoshfilde‟s jar method. Methods for enumeration of bacteria, Characters used for classification of microbes.

History and scope of Microbiology, Microscopy – Light, Phase contrast, Fluorescence & Electron microscopy: Stains and staining techniques - Gram’s, acid fast, capsular, flagellar and endospore staining. Physical and Chemical control of microorganisms. Methods of Sterilization, Methods for  isolation of pure culture, Culture and Media preparation – Solid and Liquid – Types of Media – Synthetic and Complex, Enriched, Enrichment, Selective and Differential media  Anaerobic culture technique – Candle Jar method, Wright‟s tube, Roll tube, Mclntoshfilde‟s jar method. Methods for enumeration of bacteria, Characters used for classification of microbes.

Structure of bacteria, classification based on shape and arrangement of cells, flagella – structure & function, Gram positive and Gram negative bacterial cell wall structural features, endospore formation, Functions of pili and capsule,  Antibiotics - history, mode of action, antibiotic resistance- types, causes, Superbugs

Structure of bacteria, classification based on shape and arrangement of cells, flagella – structure & function, Gram positive and Gram negative bacterial cell wall structural features, endospore formation, Functions of pili and capsule,  Antibiotics - history, mode of action, antibiotic resistance- types, causes, Superbugs

Structure of bacteria, classification based on shape and arrangement of cells, flagella – structure & function, Gram positive and Gram negative bacterial cell wall structural features, endospore formation, Functions of pili and capsule,  Antibiotics - history, mode of action, antibiotic resistance- types, causes, Superbugs

Structure of bacteria, classification based on shape and arrangement of cells, flagella – structure & function, Gram positive and Gram negative bacterial cell wall structural features, endospore formation, Functions of pili and capsule,  Antibiotics - history, mode of action, antibiotic resistance- types, causes, Superbugs

Viruses – Structure and classification, Plant Viruses – TMV, CaMV, Animal viruses – HIV, Hepatitis B, Herpes Simplex Virus,  Phages- types, plaque assay, life cycle of bacteriophage  Lambda.

Viruses – Structure and classification, Plant Viruses – TMV, CaMV, Animal viruses – HIV, Hepatitis B, Herpes Simplex Virus,  Phages- types, plaque assay, life cycle of bacteriophage  Lambda.

Viruses – Structure and classification, Plant Viruses – TMV, CaMV, Animal viruses – HIV, Hepatitis B, Herpes Simplex Virus,  Phages- types, plaque assay, life cycle of bacteriophage  Lambda.

Viruses – Structure and classification, Plant Viruses – TMV, CaMV, Animal viruses – HIV, Hepatitis B, Herpes Simplex Virus,  Phages- types, plaque assay, life cycle of bacteriophage  Lambda.

Fungi- Salient features, classification and reproduction of fungi, beneficial and harmful fungi, Life Cycle of Rhizopus, Mycorrhizae and lichens- types and significance, Algae - classification, uses of algae.

Fungi- Salient features, classification and reproduction of fungi, beneficial and harmful fungi, Life Cycle of Rhizopus, Mycorrhizae and lichens- types and significance, Algae - classification, uses of algae.

Fungi- Salient features, classification and reproduction of fungi, beneficial and harmful fungi, Life Cycle of Rhizopus, Mycorrhizae and lichens- types and significance, Algae - classification, uses of algae.

Fungi- Salient features, classification and reproduction of fungi, beneficial and harmful fungi, Life Cycle of Rhizopus, Mycorrhizae and lichens- types and significance, Algae - classification, uses of algae.

2) M. J. Pelczar Jr, E. C. S. Chan and N. R. Krieg, Microbiology, 5 th ed. New Delhi: Tata McGgraw Hill Education Pvt Ltd., 2004.

3) R. C. Dubey and D. K. Maheswari, Microbiology, New Delhi: S. Chand & Company Ltd., 2010.

2) G. J. Tortora, B. R. Funke, and C. L. Case, An Introduction to Microbiology, 11 th ed. USA: Benjamin Cummings, 2012.

3) R. Ananthanarayan and C. K. J. Paniker, Ananthanarayan and Paniker’s Textbook of Microbiology 8 thed. Universities Press. 2009.

4) Gerard J. Tortora, Berdell R. Funke & Christine L. Case,(2013). Microbiology – An Introduction 11thEd. Pearson

● CIA 1: 10%

● CIA 2 (Mid Semester Examination): 25% (50 marks)

● CIA 3: 10 %

● Attendance: 5 %

CIA total: 50 marks (50%)

End Semester examination: 100 marks (50%)

The paper introduces the students with the fundamental principles and practices of microbiology and provides hands-on experience in working with microbes. All these are of immense application in medical, industrial and agricultural fields. 

1. Safety measures in microbiology laboratory

2. Instrumentation

3. Cleaning and Sterilization of Glasswares and preparation of Cotton plug

4. Preparation of Culture Media

5. Isolation of Microorganisms from environment

6. Study of Colony Characteristics of Bacteria

7. Pure culture techniques

8. Simple staining of bacteria

9. Gram staining

10. Motility testing of bacteria

11. Endospore staining

12. Sensitivity of bacteria to antibiotics

13. Biochemical tests (IMViC & Catalase)

14. Study of fungi

1. Safety measures in microbiology laboratory

2. Instrumentation

3. Cleaning and Sterilization of Glasswares and preparation of Cotton plug

4. Preparation of Culture Media

5. Isolation of Microorganisms from environment

6. Study of Colony Characteristics of Bacteria

7. Pure culture techniques

8. Simple staining of bacteria

9. Gram staining

10. Motility testing of bacteria

11. Endospore staining

12. Sensitivity of bacteria to antibiotics

13. Biochemical tests (IMViC & Catalase)

14. Study of fungi

1. Safety measures in microbiology laboratory

2. Instrumentation

3. Cleaning and Sterilization of Glasswares and preparation of Cotton plug

4. Preparation of Culture Media

5. Isolation of Microorganisms from environment

6. Study of Colony Characteristics of Bacteria

7. Pure culture techniques

8. Simple staining of bacteria

9. Gram staining

10. Motility testing of bacteria

11. Endospore staining

12. Sensitivity of bacteria to antibiotics

13. Biochemical tests (IMViC & Catalase)

14. Study of fungi

1. Safety measures in microbiology laboratory

2. Instrumentation

3. Cleaning and Sterilization of Glasswares and preparation of Cotton plug

4. Preparation of Culture Media

5. Isolation of Microorganisms from environment

6. Study of Colony Characteristics of Bacteria

7. Pure culture techniques

8. Simple staining of bacteria

9. Gram staining

10. Motility testing of bacteria

11. Endospore staining

12. Sensitivity of bacteria to antibiotics

13. Biochemical tests (IMViC & Catalase)

14. Study of fungi

2. Joanne Willey and Kathleen Sandman and Dorothy Wood, (2020).Prescott‟s Microbiology 11thEd. Mc Graw Hill Book.

3. M. J. Pelczar Jr, E. C. S. Chan and N. R. Krieg, Microbiology, 5 th ed. New Delhi: Tata McGgraw Hill Education Pvt Ltd., 2004.

2. R. Ananthanarayan and C. K. J. Paniker, Ananthanarayan and Paniker’s Textbook of Microbiology 8 thed. Universities Press. 2009.

3. Gerard J. Tortora, Berdell R. Funke & Christine L. Case,(2013). Microbiology – An Introduction 11thEd. Pearson

● Performance (CIA1): 20%

● CIA 2 (Mid Semester Examination): 20% (40 marks)

● Record: 10%

CIA total: 50 marks (50%)

End Semester examination: 50 marks (50%)

ESE practical question pattern

Total Marks: 50         Duration : 3Hrs

Question paper Pattern

1. Performance of Microbiology technique- Gram staining/Endospore staining

(Principle- 4m, Materials Required - 2m Procedure- 4m, Result- 10 m) - 20 marks

2. Identify the biochemical test and write the principle and procedure - 5 marks

(Identification - 1 mark, Principle- 2m, Procedure-2m)

3. Logical questions/Problems (3 x 3 marks) - 9 marks

4. Spotters (4m X 4 - Identification – 1m, Comments- 3m) - 16 marks

• To expose learners to a variety of texts to interact with
• To help learners classify ideologies and be able to express the same
• To expose learners to visual texts and its reading formulas
• To help learners develop a taste to appreciate works of literature through the organization of language
• To help develop critical thinking
• To help learners appreciate literature and the language nuances that enhances its literary values

• To help learners understand the relationship between the world around them and the text/literature
• To help learners negotiate with content and infer meaning contextually
• To help learners understand logical sequencing of content and process information

·         To help improve their communication skills for larger academic purposes and vocational purposes

·         To enable learners to learn the contextual use of words and the generic meaning

·         To enable learners to listen to audio content and infer contextual meaning

·         To enable learners to be able to speak for various purposes and occasions using context specific language and expressions

·         To enable learners to develop the ability to write for various purposes using suitable and precise language.

• 1. The Happy Prince- Oscar Wilde
• 2. Sonnet 18- William Shakespeare

Common errors- subject-verb agreement, punctuation, tense errors  Just a minute talk, cubing

• 1. The Happy Prince- Oscar Wilde
• 2. Sonnet 18- William Shakespeare

Common errors- subject-verb agreement, punctuation, tense errors  Just a minute talk, cubing

• 1. The Happy Prince- Oscar Wilde
• 2. Sonnet 18- William Shakespeare

Common errors- subject-verb agreement, punctuation, tense errors  Just a minute talk, cubing

• 1. The Happy Prince- Oscar Wilde
• 2. Sonnet 18- William Shakespeare

Common errors- subject-verb agreement, punctuation, tense errors  Just a minute talk, cubing

• 1. The Happy Prince- Oscar Wilde
• 2. Sonnet 18- William Shakespeare

Common errors- subject-verb agreement, punctuation, tense errors  Just a minute talk, cubing

• 1. The Happy Prince- Oscar Wilde
• 2. Sonnet 18- William Shakespeare

Common errors- subject-verb agreement, punctuation, tense errors  Just a minute talk, cubing

• 1. The Happy Prince- Oscar Wilde
• 2. Sonnet 18- William Shakespeare

Common errors- subject-verb agreement, punctuation, tense errors  Just a minute talk, cubing

• 1. The Happy Prince- Oscar Wilde
• 2. Sonnet 18- William Shakespeare

Common errors- subject-verb agreement, punctuation, tense errors  Just a minute talk, cubing

• 1. The Happy Prince- Oscar Wilde
• 2. Sonnet 18- William Shakespeare

Common errors- subject-verb agreement, punctuation, tense errors  Just a minute talk, cubing

• 1. The Happy Prince- Oscar Wilde
• 2. Sonnet 18- William Shakespeare

Common errors- subject-verb agreement, punctuation, tense errors  Just a minute talk, cubing

• 1. The Happy Prince- Oscar Wilde
• 2. Sonnet 18- William Shakespeare

Common errors- subject-verb agreement, punctuation, tense errors  Just a minute talk, cubing

• 1. The Happy Prince- Oscar Wilde
• 2. Sonnet 18- William Shakespeare

Common errors- subject-verb agreement, punctuation, tense errors  Just a minute talk, cubing

• 1. The Happy Prince- Oscar Wilde
• 2. Sonnet 18- William Shakespeare

Common errors- subject-verb agreement, punctuation, tense errors  Just a minute talk, cubing

• 1. The Happy Prince- Oscar Wilde
• 2. Sonnet 18- William Shakespeare

Common errors- subject-verb agreement, punctuation, tense errors  Just a minute talk, cubing

• 1. The Happy Prince- Oscar Wilde
• 2. Sonnet 18- William Shakespeare

Common errors- subject-verb agreement, punctuation, tense errors  Just a minute talk, cubing

• 1. The Happy Prince- Oscar Wilde
• 2. Sonnet 18- William Shakespeare

Common errors- subject-verb agreement, punctuation, tense errors  Just a minute talk, cubing

• 1. The Happy Prince- Oscar Wilde
• 2. Sonnet 18- William Shakespeare

Common errors- subject-verb agreement, punctuation, tense errors  Just a minute talk, cubing

• 1. The Happy Prince- Oscar Wilde
• 2. Sonnet 18- William Shakespeare

Common errors- subject-verb agreement, punctuation, tense errors  Just a minute talk, cubing

• 1. The Happy Prince- Oscar Wilde
• 2. Sonnet 18- William Shakespeare

Common errors- subject-verb agreement, punctuation, tense errors  Just a minute talk, cubing

• 1. The Happy Prince- Oscar Wilde
• 2. Sonnet 18- William Shakespeare

Common errors- subject-verb agreement, punctuation, tense errors  Just a minute talk, cubing

• 1. The Happy Prince- Oscar Wilde
• 2. Sonnet 18- William Shakespeare

Common errors- subject-verb agreement, punctuation, tense errors  Just a minute talk, cubing

• 1. The Happy Prince- Oscar Wilde
• 2. Sonnet 18- William Shakespeare

Common errors- subject-verb agreement, punctuation, tense errors  Just a minute talk, cubing

• 1. The Happy Prince- Oscar Wilde
• 2. Sonnet 18- William Shakespeare

Common errors- subject-verb agreement, punctuation, tense errors  Just a minute talk, cubing

• 1. The Happy Prince- Oscar Wilde
• 2. Sonnet 18- William Shakespeare

Common errors- subject-verb agreement, punctuation, tense errors  Just a minute talk, cubing

• 1. The Happy Prince- Oscar Wilde
• 2. Sonnet 18- William Shakespeare

Common errors- subject-verb agreement, punctuation, tense errors  Just a minute talk, cubing

• 1. The Happy Prince- Oscar Wilde
• 2. Sonnet 18- William Shakespeare

Common errors- subject-verb agreement, punctuation, tense errors  Just a minute talk, cubing

• 1. The Happy Prince- Oscar Wilde
• 2. Sonnet 18- William Shakespeare

Common errors- subject-verb agreement, punctuation, tense errors  Just a minute talk, cubing

• 1. The Happy Prince- Oscar Wilde
• 2. Sonnet 18- William Shakespeare

Common errors- subject-verb agreement, punctuation, tense errors  Just a minute talk, cubing

• 1. The Happy Prince- Oscar Wilde
• 2. Sonnet 18- William Shakespeare

Common errors- subject-verb agreement, punctuation, tense errors  Just a minute talk, cubing

• 1. The Happy Prince- Oscar Wilde
• 2. Sonnet 18- William Shakespeare

Common errors- subject-verb agreement, punctuation, tense errors  Just a minute talk, cubing

• 1. The Happy Prince- Oscar Wilde
• 2. Sonnet 18- William Shakespeare

Common errors- subject-verb agreement, punctuation, tense errors  Just a minute talk, cubing

• 1. The Happy Prince- Oscar Wilde
• 2. Sonnet 18- William Shakespeare

Common errors- subject-verb agreement, punctuation, tense errors  Just a minute talk, cubing

• 1. The Happy Prince- Oscar Wilde
• 2. Sonnet 18- William Shakespeare

Common errors- subject-verb agreement, punctuation, tense errors  Just a minute talk, cubing

• 1. The Happy Prince- Oscar Wilde
• 2. Sonnet 18- William Shakespeare

Common errors- subject-verb agreement, punctuation, tense errors  Just a minute talk, cubing

• 1. The Happy Prince- Oscar Wilde
• 2. Sonnet 18- William Shakespeare

Common errors- subject-verb agreement, punctuation, tense errors  Just a minute talk, cubing

• 1. The Happy Prince- Oscar Wilde
• 2. Sonnet 18- William Shakespeare

Common errors- subject-verb agreement, punctuation, tense errors  Just a minute talk, cubing

• 1. The Happy Prince- Oscar Wilde
• 2. Sonnet 18- William Shakespeare

Common errors- subject-verb agreement, punctuation, tense errors  Just a minute talk, cubing

• 1. The Happy Prince- Oscar Wilde
• 2. Sonnet 18- William Shakespeare

Common errors- subject-verb agreement, punctuation, tense errors  Just a minute talk, cubing

• 1. The Happy Prince- Oscar Wilde
• 2. Sonnet 18- William Shakespeare

Common errors- subject-verb agreement, punctuation, tense errors  Just a minute talk, cubing

• 1. The Happy Prince- Oscar Wilde
• 2. Sonnet 18- William Shakespeare

Common errors- subject-verb agreement, punctuation, tense errors  Just a minute talk, cubing

• 1. The Happy Prince- Oscar Wilde
• 2. Sonnet 18- William Shakespeare

Common errors- subject-verb agreement, punctuation, tense errors  Just a minute talk, cubing

• 1. The Happy Prince- Oscar Wilde
• 2. Sonnet 18- William Shakespeare

Common errors- subject-verb agreement, punctuation, tense errors  Just a minute talk, cubing

• 1. The Happy Prince- Oscar Wilde
• 2. Sonnet 18- William Shakespeare

Common errors- subject-verb agreement, punctuation, tense errors  Just a minute talk, cubing

• 1. The Happy Prince- Oscar Wilde
• 2. Sonnet 18- William Shakespeare

Common errors- subject-verb agreement, punctuation, tense errors  Just a minute talk, cubing

• 1. The Happy Prince- Oscar Wilde
• 2. Sonnet 18- William Shakespeare

Common errors- subject-verb agreement, punctuation, tense errors  Just a minute talk, cubing

• 1. The Happy Prince- Oscar Wilde
• 2. Sonnet 18- William Shakespeare

Common errors- subject-verb agreement, punctuation, tense errors  Just a minute talk, cubing

• 1. The Happy Prince- Oscar Wilde
• 2. Sonnet 18- William Shakespeare

Common errors- subject-verb agreement, punctuation, tense errors  Just a minute talk, cubing

• 1. The Happy Prince- Oscar Wilde
• 2. Sonnet 18- William Shakespeare

Common errors- subject-verb agreement, punctuation, tense errors  Just a minute talk, cubing

• 1. The Happy Prince- Oscar Wilde
• 2. Sonnet 18- William Shakespeare

Common errors- subject-verb agreement, punctuation, tense errors  Just a minute talk, cubing

• 1. The Happy Prince- Oscar Wilde
• 2. Sonnet 18- William Shakespeare

Common errors- subject-verb agreement, punctuation, tense errors  Just a minute talk, cubing

• 1. The Happy Prince- Oscar Wilde
• 2. Sonnet 18- William Shakespeare

Common errors- subject-verb agreement, punctuation, tense errors  Just a minute talk, cubing

• 1. The Happy Prince- Oscar Wilde
• 2. Sonnet 18- William Shakespeare

Common errors- subject-verb agreement, punctuation, tense errors  Just a minute talk, cubing

• 1. The Happy Prince- Oscar Wilde
• 2. Sonnet 18- William Shakespeare

Common errors- subject-verb agreement, punctuation, tense errors  Just a minute talk, cubing

• 1. The Happy Prince- Oscar Wilde
• 2. Sonnet 18- William Shakespeare

Common errors- subject-verb agreement, punctuation, tense errors  Just a minute talk, cubing

• 1. The Happy Prince- Oscar Wilde
• 2. Sonnet 18- William Shakespeare

Common errors- subject-verb agreement, punctuation, tense errors  Just a minute talk, cubing

• 1. The Happy Prince- Oscar Wilde
• 2. Sonnet 18- William Shakespeare

Common errors- subject-verb agreement, punctuation, tense errors  Just a minute talk, cubing

• 1. The Happy Prince- Oscar Wilde
• 2. Sonnet 18- William Shakespeare

Common errors- subject-verb agreement, punctuation, tense errors  Just a minute talk, cubing

• 1. The Happy Prince- Oscar Wilde
• 2. Sonnet 18- William Shakespeare

Common errors- subject-verb agreement, punctuation, tense errors  Just a minute talk, cubing

• 1. The Happy Prince- Oscar Wilde
• 2. Sonnet 18- William Shakespeare

Common errors- subject-verb agreement, punctuation, tense errors  Just a minute talk, cubing

• 1. The Happy Prince- Oscar Wilde
• 2. Sonnet 18- William Shakespeare

Common errors- subject-verb agreement, punctuation, tense errors  Just a minute talk, cubing

• 1. The Happy Prince- Oscar Wilde
• 2. Sonnet 18- William Shakespeare

Common errors- subject-verb agreement, punctuation, tense errors  Just a minute talk, cubing

Sentence fragments, dangling modifiers, faulty parallelism,

 Why We Travel-Pico Iyer 

Sentence fragments, dangling modifiers, faulty parallelism,

 Why We Travel-Pico Iyer 

Sentence fragments, dangling modifiers, faulty parallelism,

 Why We Travel-Pico Iyer 

Sentence fragments, dangling modifiers, faulty parallelism,

 Why We Travel-Pico Iyer 

Sentence fragments, dangling modifiers, faulty parallelism,

 Why We Travel-Pico Iyer 

Sentence fragments, dangling modifiers, faulty parallelism,

 Why We Travel-Pico Iyer 

Sentence fragments, dangling modifiers, faulty parallelism,

 Why We Travel-Pico Iyer 

Sentence fragments, dangling modifiers, faulty parallelism,

 Why We Travel-Pico Iyer 

Sentence fragments, dangling modifiers, faulty parallelism,

 Why We Travel-Pico Iyer 

Sentence fragments, dangling modifiers, faulty parallelism,

 Why We Travel-Pico Iyer 

Sentence fragments, dangling modifiers, faulty parallelism,

 Why We Travel-Pico Iyer 

Sentence fragments, dangling modifiers, faulty parallelism,

 Why We Travel-Pico Iyer 

Sentence fragments, dangling modifiers, faulty parallelism,

 Why We Travel-Pico Iyer 

Sentence fragments, dangling modifiers, faulty parallelism,

 Why We Travel-Pico Iyer 

Sentence fragments, dangling modifiers, faulty parallelism,

 Why We Travel-Pico Iyer 

Sentence fragments, dangling modifiers, faulty parallelism,

 Why We Travel-Pico Iyer 

Sentence fragments, dangling modifiers, faulty parallelism,

 Why We Travel-Pico Iyer 

Sentence fragments, dangling modifiers, faulty parallelism,

 Why We Travel-Pico Iyer 

Sentence fragments, dangling modifiers, faulty parallelism,